Flower Notes:
White (Spring; small; dioecious flowers; not ornamentally important)
Foliage Notes:
Green (Lustrous dark green evergreen foliage)
Fruit Notes:
Red (Dioecious; beautiful red fruits on female plants in the fall)
Soil Notes:
Prefers moist, acidic, well-drained soils
Diagnostic Characteristics:
Leaves (1-2.5" long and 0.75-1.25" wide) are alternate, simple, evergreen, leathery, spiny (4-8 spines per margin), lustrous dark green above with slightly impressed veins above. Stems are purplish.