Flowers:
Green (Monoecious catkins; Male-1 to 1.5" long; Female-2 to 4" long)
Foliage:
Green (Dark green summer foliage); Yellow (Soft yellow fall foliage)
Fruit:
Brown (Dry fruits (nutlets partly enclosed by bracts) resemble "hops" hanging in pendulous clusters that last into fall)
Soil:
Tolerant of wide range of soils
Diagnostic Characteristics:
Leave are Alternate, simple, serrated 2.5-5" long leaves. Compared to Carpinus betulus, C. caroliniana buds are straight instead of bending around stem, leaves are thinner, less sharply serrated, and veins are less impressed above. Downy, imbricate buds with 4-ranked scales. Terminal bud absent. Smooth, gray, "sinewy" bark.